Emf Inwards Biological Scientific Discipline & Medicine: International Magazine Radiations Biology

Special Issue: Electromagnetic fields inwards biology and medicine (Editorial)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29775401

Excerpts

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This Special Issue presents the papers reporting farther evolution of ideas delivered too discussed inwards the exceptional session ‘Electromagnetic fields inwards biological scientific discipline too medicine’ during the articulation conference of the seventh European Medical too Biological Engineering Conference (EMBEC7) too the 17th Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering too Medical Physics (NBC17), held inwards Tampere, Finland, June 2017. The focus on the state-of-the-art presentations on non-thermal mechanism(s) too biological responses to electromagnetic champaign (EMF) exposure has been underlined inwards the telephone telephone for papers of the EMF exceptional session. Three sub-sessions provided an international forum for presenting too discussing the latest developments inwards EMF biological too wellness effects every bit good every bit EMF applications inwards medicine....

Based on the results of scientific investigations, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified extremely low-frequency magnetic champaign every bit a possible human carcinogen inwards 2001 (IARC 2002 IARC. 2002. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2002. Non-ionizing radiation, share 1: static too extremely low-frequency (ELF) electrical too magnetic fields. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, No 80. Geneva: WHO Press. [Google Scholar]) too radiofrequency EMF inwards 2011 (IARC 2013 IARC. 2013. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2013. Non-ionizing radiation, share II: Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, No 102. Geneva: WHO Press. [Google Scholar]). Recently, the U.S. National Toxicology Program Carcinogenesis Studies of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation has published the results indicating increased cancer gamble inwards rats (NTP 2018 NTP. 2018. NTP Technical study on the toxicology too carcinogenesis studies inwards Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats exposed to whole-body radio frequency radiations at a frequency (900 MHz) too modulations (GSM too CDMA) used past times prison theatre cellular telephone phones

https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/about_ntp/trpanel/2018/march/tr595peerdraft.pdf [Google Scholar])....

... the findings reported inwards several studies inwards humans too animals (cellular stress, increment inwards gratis radicals, changes inwards DNA, functional changes inwards the reproductive system, alterations inwards the encephalon bioelectrical activity, learning too retentiveness deficits etc.) at the levels of exposure below the thermal limits every bit good every bit several epidemiologic studies suggest the occurrence of EMF biological effects too the possibility of wellness effect at the levels of EMF exposure less than the laid past times the ICNIRP reference levels....

... the Parliamentary Assembly Council of Europe inwards its Resolution 1815 from 2011 recommends ‘reconsider the scientific ground for the introduce electromagnetic fields exposure standards laid past times the International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection, which bring serious limitations too apply “as depression every bit reasonably achievable” (ALARA) principles, roofing both thermal effects too the athermic or biological effects of electromagnetic emissions or radiation’ (Parliamentary Assembly 2011 Parliamentary Assembly. 2011. Council of Europe, Resolution 1815. The potential dangers of electromagnetic fields too their effect on the environment. http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17994 [Google Scholar]). However, solely few European countries too cities bring followed the recommendation....

The primary topics selected for the Special Issue encompass some of of import aspects of the area: physical too biological mechanisms of radiofrequency radiations effects past times Hinrikus et al. too Herrala et al.; answer to microwave radiations inwards physiological systems past times Selmanoui et al. too Bachmann et al.; reproductive effects of intermediate frequency magnetic champaign past times Khan et al.; low-frequency magnetic champaign effect on immune answer past times Wyszkowska et al. Special attending has been paid to medical applications of EMF including security problems for implants inwards ii papers past times Zradzinski et al.; connectivity betwixt surface too deep bioelectric fields inwards encephalon past times Jäntti et al.; too practical occupation of EMF for toxicity assessment of biological suspensions past times Muñoz et al....

The ongoing discussions close 5G technology scientific discipline are based on a presumption that, due to real sparse skin-layer, the EMF effect occurs solely inwards human skin. However, inwards the instance of existent living systems, the processes inwards unlike tissues are interconnected. Therefore, excited past times EMF pare structures are physiologically connected to deeper systems inwards trunk too the affected infinite tin move live much deeper....

Threshold of low-level EMF effects

All experimental studies published inwards the Special Issue bring been performed at the EMF levels lower than the reference levels for full general world laid past times the ICNIRP. An solely exception is the SAR value of half-dozen W/kg used every bit the higher degree of exposure inwards the study past times Herrala et al.

The ICNIRP Guidelines are based on thermal interaction machinery for the RF EMF effects. Therefore, the ascent of temperature within tissue is the solely criterion for the possibility of an EMF effect. The specific absorption charge per unit of measurement (SAR) is a relevant parameter to depict the intensity of exposure inwards the instance of thermal mechanism. The SAR value, corresponding to the fixed degree of induced past times EMF increment of temperature, tin move live considered every bit the threshold of the EMF effect induced past times the thermal interaction mechanism.

In the instance of non-thermal interaction mechanisms, the absorbed loose energy has no to a greater extent than straight linear human relationship amongst the effect. Therefore, SAR becomes irrelevant every bit a parameter describing the threshold of the EMF effects. Parallel to SAR, the ICNIRP has laid the reference levels for electrical too magnetic fields strengths too EMF mightiness spectral density, to a greater extent than relevant inwards the instance of nom-thermal interaction mechanisms. Do the reference levels for EM champaign strengths laid past times ICNIRP decide the threshold of the non-thermal machinery of EMF effects?

Rotations of dipolar molecules too radical pairs are known to live evident at the EMF strengths much less than the thermal threshold. The dielectric constant is assumed existence constant, therefore, no threshold for dielectric polarization of a medium is expected at low-level exposure. The rotation of dipolar molecules tin move conduct house at real weak EMF. Radical pairs are known existence sensitive to real weak magnetic fields, for instance inwards birds. In the instance of the rotation of dipolar molecules or radical pairs, the physical restrictions determining the minimal champaign strengths sufficient for the rotation are soundless unknown.

The threshold of the non-thermal mechanisms of EMF effects needs farther theoretical too experimental investigations keeping inwards hear that the additional affecting factors tin move influence the threshold of low-level EMF. The oscillating nature of several biological structures, starting fourth dimension of all, catch cells too neurons, makes possible parametric excitation of biological oscillations fifty-fifty past times real weak periodic external EMF. The impact of parametric excitation depends non solely on the strength of periodic forcefulness simply rather to a greater extent than on the duration of excitation. Chaotic nature of biological systems creates a possibility that a real modest initial modify inwards a parameter of the organisation tin move crusade remarkable alterations of the ongoing processes too finally results inwards a pregnant modify inwards the status of the system. Due to multifariousness of living systems, the sensitivity to low-level EMF is expected to live unlike for individuals.

Special Issue Papers

Understanding physical machinery of low-level microwave radiations effect

Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J. Understanding physical machinery of low-level microwave radiations effect. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018 Oct;94(10):877-882. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1478158. Epub 2018 Jun 8.

Abstract

PURPOSE:This topic review aims to explicate the machinery of low-level microwave (MW) radiations effect based on published enquiry results. The review presents the analysis of theoretical too experimental results comprising underlying physics too derived biological-physiological consequences supported past times experimental data.

CONCLUSIONS: The rotation of dipolar molecules causes polarization of dielectric medium too restructuring of hydrogen bonds betwixt these molecules. The weakened hydrogen bonds decrease viscosity too heighten diffusion at constant temperature. All steps of proposed model bring no critical frequency restrictions at MW frequencies too bring been confirmed past times electromagnetic champaign (EMF) theory and/or published experimental results. The synchronous cumulative impact of coherent MW electrical champaign makes possible the field-induced effect despite the champaign strengths are much weaker than intermolecular fields. The rotation of dipolar molecules results inwards restructuring hydrogen bonds betwixt the molecules despite the loose energy of MW radiations is much less than the loose energy of bonding. The cumulative impact of coherent MW champaign inwards a medium has been convincingly confirmed past times the measurable dielectric permittivity of the medium. The described machinery of MW field-induced effect confirms that the nature of the effect differs from the thermal effect too that the exposure past times MW radiations tin move create the specific consequences inwards biological scientific discipline too materials non feature for conventional heating.

Assessment of genotoxicity too genomic instability inwards rat primary astrocytes exposed to 872 MHz radiofrequency radiations too chemicals

Herrala M, Mustafa E, Naarala J, Juutilainen J. Assessment of genotoxicity too genomic instability inwards rat primary astrocytes exposed to 872 MHz radiofrequency radiations too chemicals. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018 Oct;94(10):883-889. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1450534. Epub 2018 Mar 23.

Abstract

PURPOSE: We examined genotoxicity, co-genotoxicity too induced genomic instability (IGI) inwards primary astrocytes exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rat primary astrocytes were exposed to 872 MHz GSM-modulated or continuous moving ridge (CW) RF radiations at specific absorption rates of 0.6 or 6.0 W/kg for 24 h. Menadione (MQ) too methyl methanesulfonate (MMS; solely inwards genotoxicity experiments) were used every bit co-exposures. Alkaline Comet essay too flow cytometric micronucleus scoring were used to observe genetic damage.

RESULTS: No IGI was observed from RF radiations lonely or combined handling amongst MQ. RF radiations lonely was non genotoxic. RF radiations combined amongst chemic exposure showed some statistically pregnant differences: increased deoxyribonucleic acid impairment at 6.0 W/kg simply decreased deoxyribonucleic acid impairment at 0.6 W/kg inwards cells exposed to GSM-modulated RF radiations too MQ, too increased micronucleus frequency inwards cells exposed to CW RF radiations at 0.6 W/kg too MMS.

CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to GSM modulated RF radiations at levels upwards to 6.0 W/kg did non get or heighten genomic instability inwards rat primary astrocytes. Lack of genotoxicity from RF radiations lonely was convincingly shown inwards multiple experiments. Co-genotoxicity of RF radiations too genotoxic chemicals was non consistently supported past times the results.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29528766
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After-effect induced past times microwave radiations inwards human electroencephalographic signal: a feasibility study

Bachmann M, Päeske L, Ioannides AA, Lass J, Hinrikus H. After-effect induced past times microwave radiations inwards human electroencephalographic signal: a feasibility study. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018 Oct;94(10):896-901. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1478164. Epub 2018 Jun 20.

Abstract

PURPOSE: This feasibility study is aimed to clarify the possibility of detection of microwave radiations (MWR)-induced trial related potential (ERP) inwards electroencephalographic (EEG) signal.

METHODS: To trigger attack too offset effects inwards EEG, repetitive MWR stimuli were used. Four 30-channel EEG recordings on a unmarried champaign of study were performed, each close 1 calendar month apart. The champaign of study was exposed to 450 MHz MWR modulated at 40 Hz at the 1 g peak spatial average specific absorption charge per unit of measurement of 0.3 W/kg. During a recording, xl cycles of 30 s on-off MWR exposure were used. The artifact-free responses to 126 MWR-ON stimuli too 134 MWR-OFF stimuli were averaged over stimuli too channels.

RESULTS: Regarding EEG signals locked to MWR-OFF stimulus, the enhanced signal degree at alpha frequency band too close twice higher signal to dissonance ratio at 200 to 440 ms subsequently the stimulus bring been detected. No remarkable answer inwards EEG signals locked to MWR-ON stimulus.

CONCLUSIONS: The detection of offset effect confirms that in that place should live an imprint generated past times MWR inwards brain. The results of this preliminary study render bear witness for the detection of MWR-induced ERP inwards EEG signal too encourage farther enquiry inwards this direction.

Khan MW, Roivainen P, Herrala M, Tiikkaja M, Sallmén M, Hietanen M, Juutilainen J. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 airplane pilot study on the reproductive risks of maternal exposure to magnetic fields from electronic article surveillance systems. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018 Oct;94(10):902-908. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1439197. Epub 2018 February 26.

Abstract

PURPOSE: We investigated the feasibility of a large-scale epidemiological study on reproductive effects of intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic champaign (MF) exposure amid cashiers working close electronic article surveillance (EAS) systems.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study cohort included 4157 women who had worked every bit cashiers inwards supermarkets amongst EAS devices (considered every bit exposed) or grocery stores without EAS devices (considered every bit unexposed) betwixt 2008 too 2015. 536 births too 38 miscarriages occurred amid these women during the study period, based on information from nationwide wellness registries. Measurements were also performed to characterize the MF exposure of cashiers.

RESULTS: Cashiers were institute to live exposed to 8.2 MHz MFs solely when passing past times the gates at brusk distance. Static fields of close 0.1 mT were observed at cashier's seat. Extremely depression frequency MFs were higher at stores without EAS devices. No differences on the gamble of miscarriage, reduced nativity weight or preterm nativity were observed betwixt cashiers inwards unlike shop types.

CONCLUSIONS: Any farther studies should elbow grease to include study subjects working close EAS systems that create stronger IF MFs at kHz frequencies. Exposure to ELF MFs should live assessed every bit a possible confounding factor.

Wyszkowska J, Jędrzejewski T, Piotrowski J, Wojciechowska A, Stankiewicz M, Kozak W. Evaluation of the influence of inwards vivo exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields on the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines inwards rats. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018 Oct;94(10):909-917. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1503428. Epub 2018 Sep 28.

Abstract

PURPOSE: Epidemiological information suggest that in that place is a link betwixt exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs), immune response, too the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases. The exact nature of this phenomenon remains speculative too requires detailed laboratory investigation. In the introduce study, nosotros evaluate changes inwards plasma concentration of pro-inflammatory too regulatory cytokines every bit good every bit alternations of the hematological parameters inwards rats exposed to an ELF-MF.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were repeatedly exposed for either 1 h/day for vii days, or continuously for 24 h, to a sinusoidal ELF-MF (50 Hz, 7 mT). Control groups were sham exposed for either 1 h/day for vii days, or continuously for 24 h, respectively. The levels of cytokines: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, too IL-10 inwards plasma obtained from blood samples were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent essay (ELISA). The changes inwards blood parameters were determined using an automatic hematology analyzer inwards whole blood samples forthwith subsequently collection.

RESULTS: We institute that a unmarried continuous (lasting 24 h) exposure provoked a pregnant increment of the plasma IL-1β, IL-6, too IL-2 levels, too caused an altitude inwards blood parameters, such every bit white blood cells, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, too hematocrit levels. In contrast, however, repetitive exposure of rats to an ELF-MF for 1 h/day for vii days did non Pb to whatever changes inwards plasma levels of cytokines too hematological counts.

CONCLUSIONS: Based on these information nosotros conclude that exposure duration (dose-response) plays a pregnant role inwards the immune response, specifically at the cellular level. While unmarried 24 h-lasting exposure provoked changes that betoken an immune alert stimulation, nether the atmospheric condition which are typical for therapeutic occupation of ELF-MFs (repeated brusk daily exposure) the immune potentially harmful answer has non been observed.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30028649
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Evaluation of the inter-person variability of hazards to the users of BAHA hearing implants caused past times exposure to a depression frequency magnetic field

Zradziński P. Evaluation of the inter-person variability of hazards to the users of BAHA hearing implants caused past times exposure to a depression frequency magnetic field.

Abstract

PURPOSE: In this work, the inter-person variability of hazards caused past times a depression frequency magnetic champaign exposure (of diverse polarization too homogeneity close to the magneto therapy applicator) to users of os anchored hearing assistance (BAHA) hearing implants were investigated amongst honor to diverse caput structures.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: The effects of exposure were evaluated past times numerical simulations of the electrical champaign (Ein) induced inwards caput phantoms (regular or amongst implant model). Phantoms mimic caput dimensions too thicknesses of layers of skin, fat, skull bones, too brain.

RESULTS:The values of Ein obtained inwards the phantom of the BAHA user's caput were several times (up to 4.5) higher than inwards a regular person. The highest differences inwards Ein values were institute inwards the pare too fatty tissues - upwards to 80% inwards phantoms of diverse structures (statistically pregnant differences related to diverse tissues thicknesses, not-significant amongst relation to phantom dimensions - Kruskal-Wallis examine amongst Bonferroni correction, p < .017) too upwards to three times amongst magnetic champaign spatial distribution (statistically pregnant amongst unlike polarization).

CONCLUSIONS:The results back upwards the necessitate to assess the electromagnetic fields hazards to private implant user exposed to the magnetic champaign at a degree approaching the exposure limits laid past times international guidelines.

Zradziński P, Karpowicz J, Gryz K. In silico modelling of influence from depression or intermediate frequency magnetic fields on users of wearable insulin pumps. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018 Oct;94(10):926-933. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1419305. Epub 2018 January 3.

Abstract

PURPOSE: The aim was to model the effects of exposure to a depression or intermediate frequency electromagnetic champaign (LIF-EMF), characterized past times the electrical champaign induced inwards the body, inwards lodge to evaluate how the type of insulin needle too the means it is injected influences the exposed user of a wearable insulin pump.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Numerical models of exposure scenarios (sources of LIF-EMF, amongst a dominant magnetic component: 50Hz-1MHz; the insulin needle type; the means it is injected too insulin pump user) were worked out. The influence of the insulin needle on the user's security (the ratio of the induced electrical champaign inwards tissues surrounding the needle too tissues of a mortal without an injection, both exposed identically) were calculated.

RESULTS. The effects of LIF-EMF exposure inwards insulin pump users were institute to live upwards to roughly 7-times higher, varying amongst statistically significance (p < .05) amongst the cloth of the needle, the means it is injected too the polarization of the affecting magnetic field.

CONCLUSIONS: When steel insulin needles is used, the assessment of user's EMF exposure should live carried out using magnetic champaign limits at to the lowest degree 5-times lower than given inwards full general international requirements.

Jäntti V, Ylinen T, Subramaniyam NP, Kamata K, Yli-Hankala A, Kauppinen P, Sonkajärvi E.Electroencephalographic signals during anesthesia recorded from surface too depth electrodes. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018 Oct;94(10):934-943. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1478159. Epub 2018 Jun 22.

Abstract

PURPOSE: Anesthesiologists bring increasingly started to occupation EEG-based indexes to gauge the degree too type of unconsciousness. However, the physiology too biophysics are poorly understood inwards anesthesiological literature.

METHODS: EEG was recorded from electrodes on the surface of head, including scalp, every bit good every bit DBS (deep encephalon stimulation) electrodes implanted deep inwards the brain. Mathematical modeling amongst a realistic caput model was performed to create illustrative images of the sensitivity of electrode montages.

RESULTS: EEG blueprint of anesthesia, burst-suppression, is recordable exterior of scalp surface area every bit good inwards the depth of encephalon because the EEG electrical flow loops create recordable voltage gradients inwards the whole head. The typical electrodes used inwards anesthesia monitoring are most sensitive to basal surface of frontal lobes every bit good every bit frontal too mesial parts of temporal lobes.

CONCLUSIONS: EEG currents create closed-loops, which flow from the surface of the cortex too and so render to the within of the hemispheres. In the instance of widespread synchronous activity similar physiological slumber or anesthesia, the currents recorded amongst surface too depth electrodes render through the base of operations of encephalon too skull.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29775401

Toxicity assessment of biological suspensions using the dielectric impedance spectroscopy technique

Muñoz S, Sebastián JL, Antoranz P, García-Cambero JP, Sanchis-Otero A.Toxicity assessment of biological suspensions using the dielectric impedance spectroscopy technique. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018 Oct;94(10):944-950. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1439196. Epub 2018 February 21.

Abstract

PURPOSE: This article studies the variation of the electromagnetic parameters of a interruption of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to assess its potential applications to toxicological too biomedical enquiry areas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this purpose, the dielectric impedance spectroscopy technique is applied to a modified coaxial job enclosing the biological interruption to live characterized inwards the frequency attain from 100 kHz to 100 MHz. The electrical parameters of the interruption nether examine were obtained past times plumbing fixtures the impedance spectra to the resulted from the simulation of the examine fixture using finite elements (FE).

RESULTS: Variation of the complex permittivity of the suspensions makes possible to position feasible too non-viable embryos subsequently a toxic exposure, every bit good every bit unlike stages during the blastula menses of embryonic evolution of the zebrafish.

CONCLUSIONS: The approach presented here, combining experimental too simulation techniques, may render a ground for a non-invasive method to assess toxicity inwards whatever biological suspension.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29431558

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