Effect Of Mobile Phones On Sperm Quality
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| Diagrammatic representation of diverse sources of RF EMF exposure effect on encephalon in addition to testicular organ in addition to deleterious outcomes (Kesari, Agarwal & Henkel, 2018) |
Kesari KK, Agarwal A, Henkel R. Radiation in addition to manly individual fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018 December 9;16(1):118. doi: 10.1186/s12958-018-0431-1.
During recent years, an increasing per centum of manly individual infertility has to survive attributed to an array of environmental, wellness in addition to lifestyle factors. Male infertility is probable to survive affected yesteryear the intense exposure to oestrus in addition to extreme exposure to pesticides, radiation, radioactive decay in addition to other hazardous substances. We are surrounded yesteryear several types of ionizing in addition to non-ionizing radiations in addition to both bring recognized causative effects on spermatogenesis. Since it is impossible to covert all types of radiations sources in addition to their biological effects nether a unmarried title, this review is focusing on radiations deriving from prison theatre energy cell phones, laptops, Wi-Fi in addition to microwave ovens, every bit these are the most mutual sources of non-ionizing radiation, which may contribute to the crusade of infertility yesteryear exploring the effect of exposure to radiofrequency radiations on the manly individual fertility pattern. From currently available studies it is clear that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) bring deleterious effects on sperm parameters (like sperm count, morphology, motility), affects the role of kinases inwards cellular metabolism in addition to the endocrine system, in addition to produces genotoxicity, genomic instability in addition to oxidative stress. This is followed amongst protective measures for these radiations in addition to futurity recommendations. The study concludes that the RF-EMF may stimulate oxidative stress amongst an increased flat of reactive oxygen species, which may Pb to infertility. This has been concluded based on available evidence from inwards vitro in addition to inwards vivo studies suggesting that RF-EMF exposure negatively affects sperm quality.
Open access paper: https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-018-0431-1
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Ford-Glanton BS, Melendez DA. Male reproductive toxicants: Electromagnetic radiations in addition to heat. Reference Module inwards Biomedical Sciences, 2018.
Abstract
Human population inwards today's basis lives surrounded yesteryear radiofrequency fields (RF) in addition to electromagnetic radiations (EM) fields, transmitting virtually all forms of electronic communication in addition to information that humans make every second. Mobile devices in addition to laptop computers are EMR-emitting devices. The effect of mobile telephone emitted radiations in addition to oestrus on fertility is the bailiwick of recent involvement in addition to investigations. Many studies bring found a decrease inwards semen character which has increased the focus on manly individual reproductive health. Infertility affects about 15% of couples of reproductive age, in addition to nearly one-half of these cases are linked to manly individual fertility (Sharlip et al., 2002). Different harmful environmental influences bring led to changes inwards semen analysis standards yesteryear reducing the lower limits of normal ranges, which were declared yesteryear the World Health Organization (2010). The possible negative impact of mobile telephone radiations on sperm character has been good established. While no certainly conclusions tin survive drawn from electrical flow evidence, a growing number of studies betoken a decrease inwards manly individual fertility associated amongst increased cellular telephone usage (Agarwal et al., 2011) in addition to laptop computers using Wi-Fi (Avendaño et al., 2012a). Here nosotros review the electrical flow evidence regarding the effects of electromagnetic radiations in addition to oestrus inwards manly individual fertility.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383645361
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Yahyazadeh A, Deniz OG, Kaplan AA, Altun G, Yurt KK, Davis D. The genomic effects of prison theatre energy cell telephone exposure on the reproductive system. Environmental Research. Available online 5 June 2018.
Abstract
Humans are exposed to increasing levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF) at diverse frequencies every bit engineering scientific discipline advances. In this context, improving agreement of the biological effects of EMF remains an important, high priority issue. Although a number of studies inwards this number in addition to elsewhere bring focused on the mechanisms of the oxidative stress caused yesteryear EMF, the precise agreement of the processes involved remains to survive elucidated. Due to unclear results amid the studies, the number of EMF exposure inwards the literature should survive evaluated at the genomic flat on the reproductive system. Based on this requirement, a particular review of of late published studies is necessary. The principal objectives of this study are to demo differences betwixt negative in addition to positive effect of EMF on the reproductive organisation of brute in addition to human. Extensive review of literature has been made based on good known information bases similar Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus. This newspaper reviews the electrical flow literature in addition to is intended to contribute to a ameliorate agreement of the genotoxic effects of EMF emitted from mobile phones in addition to wireless systems on the human reproductive system, especially on fertility. The electrical flow literature reveals that mobile phones tin impact cellular functions via non-thermal effects. Although the cellular targets of global organisation for mobile communications (GSM)-modulated EMF are associated amongst the prison theatre energy cell membrane, the bailiwick is nonetheless controversial. Studies regarding the genotoxic effects of EMF bring mostly focused on deoxyribonucleic acid damage. Possible mechanisms are related to ROS formation due to oxidative stress. EMF increases ROS production yesteryear enhancing the activeness of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase inwards the prison theatre energy cell membrane. Further detailed studies are needed to elucidate deoxyribonucleic acid harm mechanisms in addition to apoptotic pathways during oogenesis in addition to spermatogenesis inwards germ cells exposed to EMF.
Conclusion
This newspaper reviews the electrical flow literature in addition to is intended to contribute to a ameliorate agreement of the genotoxic effects of EMF emitted from mobile phones in addition to wireless systems on the human reproductive system, especially on fertility. The electrical flow literature reveals that mobile phones tin impact cellular functions via non-thermal effects (Diem et al., 2005; Hanci et al., 2013 ; Odaci et al., 2016a). Although the cellular targets of GSM-modulated EMF are associated amongst the prison theatre energy cell membrane, the bailiwick is nonetheless controversial (Eberhardt et al., 2008). Studies regarding the genotoxic effects of EMF bring mostly focused on deoxyribonucleic acid harm (Mortelmans in addition to Rupa, 2004; Young, 2002; Zeiger, 2004; Panagopoulos, 2012 ; Turedi et al., 2016). Possible mechanisms are related to ROS formation due to oxidative stress (Moustafa et al., 2004; Hanukoglu et al., 2006). EMF increases ROS production yesteryear enhancing the activeness of NADH oxidase inwards the prison theatre energy cell membrane (Friedman et al., 2007b). In this context, EMF affected spermatozoa may bring a high grade charge per unit of measurement of infertilization. It seems that previous genomic studies make non demo definitive evidence regarding EMF affected cells inwards the fertilization. Although nosotros evaluated broadly the genomic effects of prison theatre energy cell telephone exposure on the reproductive organisation using both brute in addition to human studies, 1 of the weaknesses of this piece of work is insufficient review of human studies. This may come upward from limited number of EMF based human studies inwards the literature. Further detailed studies are needed to elucidate deoxyribonucleic acid harm mechanisms in addition to apoptotic pathways during oogenesis in addition to spermatogenesis inwards germ cells that are exposed to EMF.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935118302639
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Altun G, Deniz OG, Yurt KK, Davis D, Kaplan S. Effects of mobile phone exposure on metabolomics inwards the manly individual in addition to woman individual reproductive systems. Environmental Research. Available online 5 June 2018.
Highlights
• Long-term exposure to EMF decreases sperm motility in addition to fertilization.
• Effects of EMF emitted from mobile phones are related to poly peptide synthesis.• Oxidative stress based EMF exposure modulates nitric oxide flat inwards the germ cells.
• Oxidative stress based EMF exposure inhibits antioxidant mechanisms inwards the germ cells.
Abstract
With electrical flow advances inwards technology, a number of epidemiological in addition to experimental studies bring reported a broad hit of adverse effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human health. Multiple cellular mechanisms bring been proposed every bit forthwith causes or contributors to these biological effects. EMF-induced alterations inwards cellular levels tin activate voltage-gated calcium channels in addition to Pb to the formation of gratis radicals, poly peptide misfolding in addition to deoxyribonucleic acid damage. Because speedily dividing germ cells move through meiosis in addition to mitosis, they are to a greater extent than sensitive to EMF inwards contrast to other slower-growing prison theatre energy cell types. In this review, possible mechanistic pathways of the effects of EMF exposure on fertilization, oogenesis in addition to spermatogenesis are discussed. In addition, the introduce review too evaluates metabolomic effects of GSM-modulated EMFs on the manly individual in addition to woman individual reproductive systems inwards recent human in addition to brute studies. In this context, experimental in addition to epidemiological studies which examine the impact of mobile telephone radiations on the processes of oogenesis in addition to spermatogenesis are examined inwards line amongst electrical flow approaches.
Conclusion
EMF emitted yesteryear mobile phones has a number of well-documented adverse metabolomic effects on the manly individual in addition to woman individual reproductive systems in addition to tin Pb to infertility yesteryear increasing ROS production in addition to reducing GSH in addition to other antioxidants. The primary target of the EMF emitted yesteryear mobile phones may survive the prison theatre energy cell membrane (Pall inwards press, this volume). This in addition to then results inwards accelerated activeness of membrane NADH oxidase and, consequently, greater rates of ROS formation that cannot survive easily conjugated or detoxified. Although many studies bring reported morphological in addition to functional deteriorations inwards testis in addition to ovary next EMF exposures, every bit good both structural in addition to functional deficits inwards reproductive health, the underlying mechanisms bring non been fully elucidated. To assist inwards farther clarification of these processes in addition to mechanisms, Table 1 summarizes key studies on the metabolomic effects of EMF on reproductive systems. Future studies volition make goodness greatly from standardized exposure protocols in addition to evaluations of key metabolomic indicators.
Sepehrimanesh, M. & Davis, D.L. Proteomic impacts of electromagnetic fields on the manly individual reproductive system. Comp Clin Pathol (2016). doi:10.1007/s00580-016-2342-x. Epub ahead of print: Oct 13, 2016.
Abstract
The usage of mobile phones in addition to other wireless transmitting devices is increasing dramatically inwards developing in addition to developed countries, every bit is the charge per unit of measurement of infertility. H5N1 number of respected infertility clinics inwards Australia, India, USA, in addition to Islamic Republic of Iran are reporting that those who regularly usage mobile phones tend to bring reduced sperm quantity in addition to quality. Some experimental studies bring found that human sperm exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF), either simulated or from mobile phones, developed biomarkers of impaired construction in addition to function, every bit good every bit reduced quantity. These comprehend pathological, endocrine, in addition to proteomic changes. Proteins perform a vast array of functions inside living organisms, in addition to the proteome is the entire array of proteins—the ultimate biomolecules inwards the pathways of deoxyribonucleic acid transcription to translation. Proteomics is the fine art in addition to scientific discipline of studying all proteins inwards cells, using dissimilar techniques. This newspaper reviews proteomic experimental in addition to clinical evidence that EMF acts every bit a male-mediated teratogen in addition to contributor to infertility.
Conclusions
As amid the most speedily proliferating human cells, spermatogenesis in addition to associated activities offering an of import endpoint for evaluation. More than lx dissimilar compounds or industrial processes bring been identified every bit increasing defects inwards human sperm or testicular tissue in addition to peradventure increasing the adventure to offspring from male-mediated exposures. In this study, nosotros reviewed structural in addition to functional proteomic changes related to EMF exposure. Reported changes are categorized based on principal affected tissue in addition to too the most of import adverse effects. Overall, these results demonstrate pregnant effects of radio frequency-modulated EMF exposure on the proteome, including both structural in addition to functional impacts such every bit a decrease inwards the diameter in addition to weight of the seminiferous tubules in addition to the hateful peak of the germinal epithelium (Ozguner et al. 2005) and/or pathological in addition to physiological changes inwards key biochemical components of the testicular tissues (Luo et al. 2013). These structural in addition to functional changes may business organisation human relationship for the pathological impact of EMF on the manly individual reproductive organisation reported inwards the experimental piece of work that nosotros in addition to others bring conducted. While EMF is currently beingness used for a number of therapeutic applications (REF), the piece of work nosotros bring reviewed hither clearly indicates a hit of harmful effects, especially on genital systems.
http://bit.ly/2dTj1oT
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Houston B, Nixon B, King BV, De Iuliis G, Aitken RJ. The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations on sperm function. Reproduction. 2016 Sep 6. pii: REP-16-0126.
Abstract
Mobile telephone usage has move an integral component of our lives. However, the effects of the radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) emitted yesteryear these devices on biological systems in addition to specifically the reproductive systems are currently nether active debate. H5N1 fundamental hindrance to the electrical flow ground is that at that spot is no clear machinery of how such non-ionising radiations influences biological systems. Therefore, nosotros explored the documented impacts of RF-EMR on the manly individual reproductive organisation in addition to considered whatever mutual observations that could provide insights on a potential mechanism.
Among a total of 27 studies investigating the effects of RF-EMR on the manly individual reproductive system, negative consequences of exposure were reported inwards 21. Within these 21 studies, eleven of the xv that investigated sperm motility reported pregnant declines, seven of seven that measured the production of reactive oxygen species documented elevated levels in addition to 4 of 5 studies that probed for deoxyribonucleic acid harm highlighted increased damage, due to RF-EMR exposure. Associated amongst this, RF-EMR handling reduced antioxidant levels inwards half-dozen of half-dozen studies that studied this phenomenon, piece consequences of RF-EMR were successfully ameliorated amongst the supplementation of antioxidants inwards all three studies that carried out these experiments.
In lite of this, nosotros envisage a two-step machinery whereby RF-EMR is able to stimulate mitochondrial dysfunction leading to elevated ROS production.
A continued focus on query which aims to shed lite on the biological effects of RF-EMR volition allow us to seek in addition to assess this proposed machinery inwards a diversity of prison theatre energy cell types.
http://bit.ly/2cJJ2pE
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Adams JA, Galloway TS, Mondal D, Esteves SC, Mathews F. Effect of mobile telephones on sperm quality: H5N1 systematic review in addition to meta-analysis. Environment International. 70:106-112. September 2014.
Summary
http://bit.ly/2cJJ2pE
Conclusion
To date, contradictory studies surrounding the impacts of RF-EMR on biological systems keep disceptation over this subject. Nevertheless, query into the biological responses stimulated yesteryear RF-EMR is specially of import given our ever-increasing usage of mobile telephone technology. While clinical studies are identifying possible detrimental effects of RF-EMR, it is imperative that mechanistic studies are conducted that elucidate the mode inwards which RF-EMR perturbs biological function, thus supplying a rational cause. H5N1 focus on the manly individual reproductive organisation may sense every bit consequences of the personal storage of mobile devices, the unique vulnerability of the highly specialised sperm cell, in addition to the futurity wellness burden that may survive created if conception proceeds amongst defective, DNA-damaged spermatozoa. While this bailiwick remains a topic of active debate, this review has considered the growing trunk of evidence suggesting a possible role for RF-EMR induced harm of the manly individual germ line. In a bulk of studies, this harm has been characterized yesteryear loss of sperm motility in addition to viability every bit good every bit the induction of ROS generation in addition to deoxyribonucleic acid damage. We bring thus given consideration to the potential mechanisms through which RF-EMR may elicit these effects on spermatozoa, which nosotros utilized every bit a sensitive model system. We suggest a mechanistic model inwards which RF-EMR exposure leads to defective mitochondrial business office associated amongst elevated levels of ROS production in addition to culminates inwards a dry ground of oxidative stress that would business organisation human relationship the varying phenotypes observed inwards reply to RF-EMR exposure. With farther complementary data, this model volition provide novel impetus to the patch in addition to stimulate query that volition allow us to confidently assess the reproductive hazards of mobile telephone usage.
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Adams JA, Galloway TS, Mondal D, Esteves SC, Mathews F. Effect of mobile telephones on sperm quality: H5N1 systematic review in addition to meta-analysis. Environment International. 70:106-112. September 2014.
Summary
Mobile phones are owned yesteryear most of the adult population worldwide. Radio-frequency radiations (RFR) from these devices could impact sperm evolution in addition to function. Around 14% of couples inwards high- in addition to middle-income countries bring difficulty conceiving. Male infertility is involved about 40% of the time. Several countries bring reported unexplained declines inwards semen quality.
Animal query has found that RFR tin impact the prison theatre energy cell wheel of sperm, increment sperm prison theatre energy cell decease in addition to make histological changes inwards the testes. Research on humans has found that prolonged mobile telephone usage is associated amongst decreased motility, sperm concentration, morphology in addition to viability suggesting a probable impact on fertility.
The authors of this peer-reviewed study conducted a systematic review of the query in addition to a quantitative analysis to create upward one's hear whether exposure to mobile telephone radiations affects human sperm quality. Participants were from fertility clinics in addition to query centers.
The study examined the sperm character outcome measures most oft used to assess fertility inwards clinical settings: motility (the mightiness to motion properly through the woman individual reproductive tract), viability (the mightiness to fertilize the egg), in addition to concentration (the number of sperm inwards a milliliter of ejaculate).
Ten studies were examined including 1,492 human sperm samples. Exposure to mobile phones was found to survive associated amongst a pregnant 8 per cent average reduction inwards sperm motility in addition to a pregnant nine per cent average reduction inwards sperm viability. The effects on sperm concentration were to a greater extent than equivocal. The results were consistent across experimental laboratory studies in addition to correlational observational studies.
The authors concluded that the overall results suggest that mobile telephone exposure negatively affects sperm character inwards humans. The clinical importance of these effects in this study may survive limited to subfertile men in addition to to men at the lower-end of the normal spectrum.
Open access paper: http://bit.ly/cellphonespermdamage.--
Liu K, Li Y, Zhang G, Liu J, Cao J, Ao L, Zhang S. Association betwixt mobile telephone usage in addition to semen quality: a systemic review in addition to meta-analysis. Andrology. 2014 Jul;2(4):491-501. Epub 2014 Apr 3.
Abstract
Possible hazardous wellness effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations emitted from mobile telephone on the reproductive organisation bring raised world concern inwards recent years. This systemic review in addition to meta-analysis was prepared next criterion procedures of the Cochrane Collaboration in addition to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews in addition to Meta-Analyses argument in addition to checklist. Relevant studies published upward to May 2013 were identified from 5 major international in addition to Chinese literature databases: Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, the VIP database in addition to the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials inwards the Cochrane Library. Eighteen studies amongst 3947 men in addition to 186 rats were included inwards the systemic review, of which 12 studies (four human studies, 4 inwards vitro studies in addition to 4 brute studies) amongst 1533 men in addition to 97 rats were used inwards the meta-analyses. Systemic review showed that results of most of the human studies in addition to inwards vitro laboratory studies indicated mobile telephone usage or radiofrequency exposure had negative effects on the diverse semen parameters studied. However, meta-analysis indicated that mobile telephone usage had no adverse effects on semen parameters inwards human studies. In the inwards vitro studies, meta-analysis indicated that radiofrequency radiations had detrimental effect on sperm motility in addition to viability inwards vitro [pooled hateful departure (MDs) (95% CI): -4.11 (-8.08, -0.13), -3.82 (-7.00, -0.65) for sperm motility in addition to viability respectively]. As for brute studies, radiofrequency exposure had harmful effects on sperm concentration in addition to motility [pooled MDs (95% CI): -8.75 (-17.37, -0.12), -17.72 (-32.79, -2.65) for sperm concentration in addition to motility respectively]. Evidence from electrical flow studies suggests potential harmful effects of mobile telephone usage on semen parameters. H5N1 farther multicentred in addition to standardized study is needed to assess the adventure of mobile telephone usage on the reproductive system.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700791
Recent Studies (Updated: 11/29/2018)
Abeer M. Hagras, Eman A. Toraih, Manal S. Fawzy. Mobile phones electromagnetic radiations in addition to NAD+-dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase every bit a mitochondrial mark inwards Asthenozoospermia. Biochimie Open. Available online July 25, 2016. http://bit.ly/2b69gh9
Adams JA, Galloway TS, Mondal D, Esteves SC, Mathews F. Effect of mobile telephones on sperm quality: H5N1 systematic review in addition to meta-analysis. Environment International. 70:106-112. September 2014. http://bit.ly/cellphonespermdamage
Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J. Effect of prison theatre energy cell telephone usage on semen analysis inwards men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril. 2008 Jan;89(1):124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482179
Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E, Sharma R. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an inwards vitro airplane pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(4):1318-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804757
Agarwal A, Singh A, Hamada A, Kesari K. Cell phones in addition to manly individual infertility: a review of recent innovations inwards engineering scientific discipline in addition to consequences.Int Braz J Urol. 2011; 37(4):432-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21888695
Akdag MZ, Dasdag S, Canturk F, Karabulut D, Caner Y, Adalier N. Does prolonged radiofrequency radiations emitted from Wi-Fi devices stimulate deoxyribonucleic acid harm inwards diverse tissues of rats? J Chem Neuroanat. 2016 January 8. http://1.usa.gov/1RjkMVb
Al-Bayyari N. Middle East Fertility Society Journal. The effect of prison theatre energy cell telephone usage on semen character in addition to fertility amid Jordanian males. Published online Apr 7, 2017. http://bit.ly/2pfcO6L
Al-Quzwini OF, Al-Taee, Al-Shaikh SF. Male fertility in addition to its association amongst occupational in addition to mobile telephone towers hazards: An analytic study. Middle East Fertility Society Journal. 2016 Apr 8. http://bit.ly/1SRUWWs
Bin-Meferij MM, El-Kott AF. The radioprotective effects of Moringa oleifera against mobile telephone electromagnetic radiation-induced infertility inwards rats.Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015 Aug 15;8(8):12487-97. http://1.usa.gov/1MURLR1
Boga A, Emre M, Sertdemir Y, Uncu İ, Binokay S, Demirhan O. Effects of GSM-like radiofrequency irradiation during the oogenesis in addition to spermiogenesis of Xenopus laevis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2016 Mar 24;129:137-144. http://1.usa.gov/1VQh4pP
Çetkin M, Kızılkan N, Demirel C, Bozdağ Z, Erkılıç S, Erbağcı H. Quantitative changes inwards testicular construction in addition to business office inwards rat exposed to mobile telephone radiation. Andrologia. 2017 January 26. http://bit.ly/2jIxlyh
Fatehi D, Anjomshoa M, Mohammadi M, Seify M, Rostamzadeh A. Biological effects of cell-phone radiofrequency waves exposure on fertilization inwards mice; an inwards vivo in addition to inwards vitro study. Middle East Fertility Society Journal. 23 Oct 2017. http://bit.ly/2iUT4Yd
Gao XH, Hu HR, Ma X2, Chen J, Zhang GH. [Cellphone electromagnetic radiations damages the testicular ultrastructure of manly individual rats]. [Article inwards Chinese]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2016 Jun;22(6):491-495. http://bit.ly/2ywyJig
Gohari FA, Saranjam B, Asgari M, Omidi L, Ekrami H, Moussavi-Najarkola SA. An experimental study of the effects of combined exposure to microwave in addition to oestrus on cistron appear in addition to sperm parameters inwards mice. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2017 Apr-Jun;10(2):128-134. http://bit.ly/2EpfWVM
Recent Studies (Updated: 11/29/2018)
Abeer M. Hagras, Eman A. Toraih, Manal S. Fawzy. Mobile phones electromagnetic radiations in addition to NAD+-dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase every bit a mitochondrial mark inwards Asthenozoospermia. Biochimie Open. Available online July 25, 2016. http://bit.ly/2b69gh9
Adams JA, Galloway TS, Mondal D, Esteves SC, Mathews F. Effect of mobile telephones on sperm quality: H5N1 systematic review in addition to meta-analysis. Environment International. 70:106-112. September 2014. http://bit.ly/cellphonespermdamage
Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J. Effect of prison theatre energy cell telephone usage on semen analysis inwards men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril. 2008 Jan;89(1):124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482179
Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E, Sharma R. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an inwards vitro airplane pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(4):1318-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804757
Agarwal A, Singh A, Hamada A, Kesari K. Cell phones in addition to manly individual infertility: a review of recent innovations inwards engineering scientific discipline in addition to consequences.Int Braz J Urol. 2011; 37(4):432-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21888695
Akdag MZ, Dasdag S, Canturk F, Karabulut D, Caner Y, Adalier N. Does prolonged radiofrequency radiations emitted from Wi-Fi devices stimulate deoxyribonucleic acid harm inwards diverse tissues of rats? J Chem Neuroanat. 2016 January 8. http://1.usa.gov/1RjkMVb
Al-Bayyari N. Middle East Fertility Society Journal. The effect of prison theatre energy cell telephone usage on semen character in addition to fertility amid Jordanian males. Published online Apr 7, 2017. http://bit.ly/2pfcO6L
Al-Quzwini OF, Al-Taee, Al-Shaikh SF. Male fertility in addition to its association amongst occupational in addition to mobile telephone towers hazards: An analytic study. Middle East Fertility Society Journal. 2016 Apr 8. http://bit.ly/1SRUWWs
Bin-Meferij MM, El-Kott AF. The radioprotective effects of Moringa oleifera against mobile telephone electromagnetic radiation-induced infertility inwards rats.Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015 Aug 15;8(8):12487-97. http://1.usa.gov/1MURLR1
Boga A, Emre M, Sertdemir Y, Uncu İ, Binokay S, Demirhan O. Effects of GSM-like radiofrequency irradiation during the oogenesis in addition to spermiogenesis of Xenopus laevis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2016 Mar 24;129:137-144. http://1.usa.gov/1VQh4pP
Çetkin M, Kızılkan N, Demirel C, Bozdağ Z, Erkılıç S, Erbağcı H. Quantitative changes inwards testicular construction in addition to business office inwards rat exposed to mobile telephone radiation. Andrologia. 2017 January 26. http://bit.ly/2jIxlyh
Fatehi D, Anjomshoa M, Mohammadi M, Seify M, Rostamzadeh A. Biological effects of cell-phone radiofrequency waves exposure on fertilization inwards mice; an inwards vivo in addition to inwards vitro study. Middle East Fertility Society Journal. 23 Oct 2017. http://bit.ly/2iUT4Yd
Ford-Glanton BS, Melendez BA. Male Reproductive Toxicants: Electromagnetic Radiation in addition to Heat. Reference Module inwards Biomedical Sciences. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.64536-1.
Gautam R, Singh KV, Nirala J, Murmu NN, Meena R, Rajamani P. Oxidative stress-mediated alterations on sperm parameters inwards manly individual Wistar rats exposed to 3G mobile telephone radiation. Andrologia. 2018 November 20:e13201. http://bit.ly/2PT5dwg
Gao XH, Hu HR, Ma X2, Chen J, Zhang GH. [Cellphone electromagnetic radiations damages the testicular ultrastructure of manly individual rats]. [Article inwards Chinese]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2016 Jun;22(6):491-495. http://bit.ly/2ywyJig
Gohari FA, Saranjam B, Asgari M, Omidi L, Ekrami H, Moussavi-Najarkola SA. An experimental study of the effects of combined exposure to microwave in addition to oestrus on cistron appear in addition to sperm parameters inwards mice. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2017 Apr-Jun;10(2):128-134. http://bit.ly/2EpfWVM
Hancı H, Kerimoğlu G, Mercantepe T, Odacı E. Changes inwards testicular morphology in addition to oxidative stress biomarkers inwards 60-day-old Sprague Dawley rats next exposure to continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic patch for 1 h a twenty-four hours throughout adolescence. Reprod Toxicol. 2018 Oct;81:71-78. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Houston B, Nixon B, King BV, De Iuliis G, Aitken RJ. The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations on sperm function. Reproduction. 2016 Sep 6. pii: REP-16-0126. http://bit.ly/2cJJ2pE
Houston BJ, Nixon B, King BV, Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN. Probing the origins of 1,800 MHz radio frequency electromagnetic radiations induced harm inwards mouse immortalized germ cells in addition to spermatozoa inwards vitro. Front. Public Health. 2018 Sep 21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00270
Kamali K, Atarod M, Sarhadi S, Nikbakht J, Emami M, Maghsoudi R, Salimi H, Fallahpour B, Kamali N, Momtazan A, Ameli M. Effects of electromagnetic waves emitted from 3G+wi-fi modems on human semen analysis. Urologia. 2017 Sep 14:0.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p
Lewis RC, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Meeker JD, Williams PL, Mezei G, Ford JB, Hauser R; EARTH Study Team.Self-reported mobile telephone usage in addition to semen parameters amid men from a fertility clinic. Reprod Toxicol. 2016 November 9. pii: S0890-6238(16)30408-7. http://bit.ly/2fV0DuM
(Note: Authors study conflict of involvement in addition to limited statistical mightiness to notice effects.)
Li R, Yang WQ, Chen HQ, Zhang YH. Morinda Officinalis How improves cellphone radiation-induced abnormality of LH in addition to LHR inwards manly individual rats. Article inwards Chinese. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2015 Sep;21(9):824-7. http://bit.ly/1Sn6Qsy
Lin YY, Wu T, Liu JY, Gao P, Li KC, Guo QY, Yuan M, Lang HY, Zeng LH, Guo GZ. 1950 MHz radio frequency electromagnetic radiations inhibits testosterone secretion of mouse Leydig cells. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 December 23;15(1). http://bit.ly/2CV3VKc
Ma HR, Cao XH, Ma XL, Chen JJ, Chen JW, Yang H, Liu YX. [Protective effect of Liuweidihuang Pills against cellphone electromagnetic radiation-induced histomorphological abnormality, oxidative injury, in addition to prison theatre energy cell apoptosis inwards rat testes]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2015 Aug;21(8):737-41. [Article inwards Chinese]. http://1.usa.gov/1MtbdCM Lin YY, Wu T, Liu JY, Gao P, Li KC, Guo QY, Yuan M, Lang HY, Zeng LH, Guo GZ. 1950 MHz radio frequency electromagnetic radiations inhibits testosterone secretion of mouse Leydig cells. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 December 23;15(1). http://bit.ly/2CV3VKc
Liu Q, Si T, Xu X, Liang F, Wang L, Pan S. Electromagnetic radiations at 900 MHz induces sperm apoptosis through bcl-2, bax in addition to caspase-3 signaling pathways inwards rats. Reprod Health. 2015; 12:65.
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